These 10 beneficial laws were given by the Creator God to show us how to live a better life now and please God forever.God gave the from Mount Sinai, accompanied by smoke, earthquakes and the blast of a trumpet to emphasize the importance of these laws. Moses recorded God’s words in Exodus 20 and recounted the event again in Deuteronomy 5.
There are only slight differences of emphasis in the accounts. Both versions are listed below, along with a list of the commandments in short form.The numbering of the commandments on the first three lists below reflects the numbering used in much of the Christian world, though Catholics, Jews and others use various numbering systems (as shown below that). The 10 Commandments List in Exodus 20:2-17. “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. You shall have no other gods before Me. “You shall not make for yourself a carved image—any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them nor serve them.
For I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and fourth generations of those who hate Me, but showing mercy to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments. “You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes His name in vain. “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD your God. In it you shall do no work: you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your cattle, nor your stranger who is within your gates. For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day.
When I was little, I used to suck my thumb. As I got older, my parents must have wanted this to stop, because this conversation happened while driving with my Dad (I was probably 3): Dad: Still sucking that thumb? Dad: Aren’t you worried about ending up like those flamingos at the zoo? Dad: Haven’t you ever noticed how they always stand on one leg? You see, they sucked their toes for so long, that they dissolved!
The more they sucked, the more disappeared. Eventually they sucked their whole leg right off! Didn’t suck my thumb ever again. Julia HeilI have told my 4 year old boy that the Internet (wifi network) is given by a “Fairy” and we cannot get it daily as per our wish. (It was too necessary to keep him away from internet games and videos all the time.) So everyday when he is back from school, he will sweetly ask if the fairy has given us internet today or not and what should he do to please her so that she can give us more Internet;) Deepthi ShivaramuI had a friend whose mom told her that when the ice cream truck was out of ice cream it would play music! Can you imagine thinking that someone drive around your neighborhood regularily announcing they were out of ice cream?
Marcia Peterson BuckieMy dad was almost completely bald and had been for as long as I was able to remember. When I was about 6 or 7 I asked him what happened to all his hair.
He told me that one day he went for a ride in a convertible and was driving so fast that all his hair blew off. I believed him for way too many years after. Jo Anne LillisAs an example, consider Christianity. Children learn that it is normal to stare at the body of a tortured naked person in the process of dying (Jesus on the cross).
Without intensive familiarization from an early age on, such an image would be considered disgusting, sadistic, and offensive. But since Christians have been trained to see this picture from kindergarten on, they find it normal.The lesson here is that children will believe anything if we tell them so. In most cases, the children will later find out that the stories are not true. However, if the stories are not falsifiable, then they will never find out. As it so happens, religious stories are usually not falsifiable.
Thus, the children can never find out whether the religious stories are false. Hence, they will continue to believe them when they are adults — and then teach the stories to their own children.
This is one more way in which a religion can be made to stick.Men were to told to believe, whether they believed or not. Thomas Paine in “The Age of Reason”ProofsPeople may also believe in the supernatural because they were convinced by the proofs for the supernatural.
Such proofs include, e.g.,.explanations for the universe through the supernatural.Pascal’s Wager.abstract universal hypotheses such as Dualism.miracles, including the effects of prayer.dozens of other proofs, which we treat in the and thePressureFear of HellThere are several factors that can make people religious. One of them is fear. Some people are afraid of the hell that preachers threaten them with. So they follow what the preacher tells them to avoid that hell.This may seem irrational, because hell is fictional place. The threat of hell can work only if you believe in it in the first place. If you do not believe in it, then the threat of hell is void. However, when you are confronted with the tales of the brutalities of hell, you can easily forget that you do not believe in them.
Some preachers can talk so convincingly, that they can trick people into the fear. They will tell you about the bad things you did in your life to push you into the guilt trap. Then they tell you about all the tortures that await you in the afterlife — with no way of escape. Even I hesitated for a second when a Muslim preacher in the street explained the damnation to me. Once you swallow the theory of hell, all the other dogmas can be force-fed easily.This is true in particular if the receiver of these threats does not have the tools at hand to rebut them.
The threat of hell is a very popular technique — most prominently in the Abrahamic Religions.As the thoughtful reader will have noticed, the Muslim teacher did not succeed in threatening me with hell. On the contrary, the discussion with the preacher gave rise to several articles in this book.GuiltOne more factor that can make people religious is guilt. Guilt can be instilled in several ways. In the vanilla case, you are told that you owe something to a supernatural being — for example your existence, your health, or the joys of life. All Abrahamic Religions go that way. Guilt can also be instilled by telling you that you are a sinful being. Christianity has perfected that argument.
Islam, in contrast, has developed the idea that criticising (or even just doubting the divine revelation of) the Prophet Mohammed is a sin. You are told that if you doubt his excellence, you bring shame on yourself.All of these arguments aim at making you feel guilty towards God (or his messenger). This can only work, of course, if you believe in God in the first place.
If you don’t, then you cannot feel shame towards him. And yet, shame is a very powerful concept. People become very vulnerable when we point them to a crime or sin they committed. This works even if the sin is imaginary. The inflicted guilt disrupts rational thinking for a moment. In many cases, this short disruption of rational thinking is enough to make people susceptible to the argument. Once the guilt is established, all the other religious dogmata can follow.God’s voiceSome people say that they are religious because they heard God talking to them.
I met a person who said that, after talking with a group of Christians, he sat down to contemplate his life. Suddenly, he heard God telling him to go and become a Christian. The voice was loud and clear in his head. Awakened by this call, he rushed back to the group of Christians, and became a believer.
Such events are one more factor that can make people religious. We discuss them in the.CoercionOne of the most effective factors that make people religious is coercion.
We simply tell a person that, if he or she does not believe, we will eject them from society, make their family hate them, deny them basic rights, persecute them, or even kill them. Under such a threat, the person is much more likely to become and remain a believer — and be it only pro forma.This is indeed the way that many religions work.
Christianity has long persecuted apostates as heretics. Still today, atheists are routinely discriminated in society and in the law in the US. In Islam, several interpretations call for the death penalty for apostates. This punishment enjoys widespread support in the society of many Muslim countries, and it is the law in some of them.
In Hinduism, any deviation from religion (such as, e.g., marrying a non-Hindu) is traditionally frowned upon. If you deviate, you bring shame onto yourself and onto your family. In all of these cases, the principle is the same: pressure makes people follow a religion. This is a common strategy of survival for many religions.Peer pressureWe have seen that coercion is one of the most effective means for making a person believe. In cases where coercion is no longer an option due to secular legal systems, peer pressure can take its role.
Peer pressure makes anybody who deviates from the religion look like an outsider. This person has to constantly justify their world view, is trusted less, is excluded from meetings, is regarded as less attractive for marriage, and becomes the subject of gossip. This threat (implicit or explicit) pushes people to align themselves with the majority religion. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in Islam. Some people believe that they will go to hell if any of their family members deviates from the faith. These people will put pressure on all family members not to deviate.
If someone leaves the faith, then the village community may put pressure on the entire family of the apostate — even if the apostate lives in another country. This possibility makes people think twice before leaving Islam.The Emperor’s new cloths“The Emperor’s new cloths” is a story that goes as follows.
In ancient times there was an emperor who ruled over a large country. Two tailors approached the emperor, and said that they wanted to make him a special garment. That garment would be very expensive, because could be seen only by intelligent people. Curious, the emperor gave his permission. During several weeks, the two tailors took measures, cut tissue, and designed the garment.
It’s just that, no matter how hard he tried, the emperor could not see the tissue. The tailors seemed to be perfectly comfortable cutting the tissue, but it was invisible to the emperor.
Since the tissue was visible only to intelligent people, the emperor concluded that it would be best to keep quiet about the issue. He played the game, and dressed with the invisible new garment. He payed the sum that the tailors asked for. Then came the day to present his garment to his people. The crowd gathered under the balcony where the emperor was to present his new cloths. When the emperor stepped on the balcony, the crowd was stunned.
People knew that only the smart ones could see the garment, and so everyone tried hard to see it. Those who did not see it decided that it was best to keep quiet about it, and go along with the majority.
So the crowd remained in awe. Finally, a child raised her voice and said: “But the emperor is naked!”.By that time, the two tailors were nowhere to be found.There is an analogy here between the Emperor’s clothes and the spiritual feeling that religion promises.
Religion tells us that if we really believe, we will feel the closeness to God, the unity with Heaven, or the deeper meaning of the Universe. In reality, there is no supernatural spiritual feeling. What adherents feel is a mixture of conviction, hope, and admiration — but nothing supernatural. However, since everybody thinks that everybody else has that “special feeling”, it appears safest to go along with the masses and to say that one has that special feeling, too.This is one more way in which religious thinking gets proliferated.Desire to influenceThe desire to influence natureIf a rain torrent can destroy your day from one minute to the other, you are more likely to appeal to the supernatural.in Rio de Janeiro/BrazilThe world is often cruel to us. An accident can change our life forever, an unfortunate coincidence can cost us our job, and an illness can carry away a loved one.
We are thus, to some degree, victims of the randomness around us.When we are exposed to these forces, we have the desire to control them. For this, we resort to all types of strategies. These are first rational strategies such as wearing a seatbelt, getting vaccins, or buying insurances. However, the range of these strategies is limited. We still cannot control the elements of nature, illnesses, and bad luck.Therefore, we look for strategies that go further. Any procedure that could potentially protect us from evil is welcome. People avoid putting important meetings on Fridays; they remember to look into the mirror if they had to come back to the house because they forgot something; and they avoid hotel rooms that end in “13”.
Atheists are generally no exception to this rule. People believe that voodoo works, that they can cure cancer by magnets, or that the position of the stars determines our fate. Since cancer is one of the main reasons of death in developed countries, and since there is no known cure, it attracts a particularly large number of appeals to the supernatural or the unproven. People try herbs, biblical diets, electro-homeopathy, or electromagnetic waves.
Out of the very same motivation (the protection against the forces of nature), people ask priests to bless their marriages or houses, they consult the constellation of the stars to find the best day for a wedding, they resort to faith healing, and they pray to the gods or saints to prevent evil. There is no difference between the religious strategies and the superstitious ones: They are all attempts to influence nature in areas where scientific help is not available or judged to be too weak.We know today that none of these strategies works. And still, anything that can give people hope, or anything that can just give them the illusion of control, is welcome.
This contributes to the popularity of religions.The desire to influence in contextPeople have a desire to protect themselves against the caprices of nature. For this purpose, they often resort to the supernatural.Religiosity in the world according to a 2009 Gallup pollThis desire for supernatural protection should be stronger in cases where the person lacks the factual control over their environment. That is: a person who can be fired from one day to the next from their job has a greater need to apply for supernatural help than someone who has a permanent job. A person who lives in a country where one rainy summer can destroy their crop and livelihood has a greater desire to control the forces of nature than someone with an office job.
A person for whom an illness is a random strike of nature has more incentive to converse with the gods than a person who has access to modern health care, vaccination, and insurance. A person whose family can be killed from one day to the other in a civil war needs more supernatural protection that a person who knows war only from TV.
A person who has a chance of 2% of getting murdered in the street, or a chance of 20% of being raped in their life time, has a greater urge to appeal to the gods than a person whose risks of victimization are practically zero. Therefore, people in less privileged countries tend to be more religious.The same goes for times of crises. Studies suggest that, in Muslim countries, Islamic school attendance increases in times of economic crisis. Insecurity makes people more open to religion.What counts is not just the objective lack of control over one’s life, it is also the subjective impression of being helpless. People in poor countries are more likely to believe that their life is determined by fate instead of their own actions. In poor countries, 43% of people think that fate plays a larger role in their life than their decisions — as opposed to 26% in rich countries and 37% in transition countries (; ).
When people believe that fate plays a large role in their lives, they feel more need to appeal to the supernatural. Thus, they are more religious.This theory does not predict the religiosity of every single person. However, it correctly predicts the average religiosity in a society. More precisely, the theory goes: The safer an environment is (in terms of social security, health care, job security, insurances, and rule of law), the less religious the environment is. This theory is generally true: poor countries are generally more religious. Rich countries are typically less religious. Countries with a stable social system, universal healthcare, mandatory insurance, and job security are typically atheist (see my essay on ).
This leads to an interesting interplay between poverty and religiousness, which we discuss in various places in this book.In the turmoil of Napoleon’s invasion of Europe, the sciences and the spread of knowledge was neglected — and the church rose her head and faith experienced a revival. In the 30 years of peace that followed, science florished and prosperity spread — which has led to a decay of religion.
Philaletes in Arthur Schopenhauer’s “Dialog about Religion”, written in 1851 (!)Religiosity in the United StatesThis book hypothesizes that safe environments generally make people less religious. The US seem to be an exception to this rule, because the country is very developed, but very religious at the same time. However, despite its wealth, it does not provide the “safe environment” that our theory requires:Health insuranceThe US do not have universal health insurance. As of 2010, more than 49 million people in the US (more than 16% of the population) were without health insurance.
If such a person suffers from an illness, and if that illness requires expensive treatment, the person may have to pay thousands of dollars from one day to the other from their own pocket. This can lead to bankruptcy and life in the streets. This possibility looms over every uninsured citizen. The uninsured are mainly the poor. More than half of the uninsured live below the 200% poverty line. Due to the lack of health insurance, individuals often cannot pay for their treatment and go untreated.
Almost a third of uninsured adults in 2013 (30%) went without needed medical care due to cost ibid. Nearly 40% of uninsured adults said they had outstanding medical bills, and a fifth said they had medical bills that caused serious financial strain ibid. Thus, people enjoy less health security in the US than in other developed countries.DebtHousehold debt is a problem in the US. The country ranks 15th among the most indebted nations. This by itself does not sound particularly alarming. However, the indebtedness still has an impact on the average household. The average American household is indebted with 130,000 USD.
The average household with debt pays 6658 USD in interest per year ibid — of which 2600 USD go to credit card companies (ibid). I myself know people who pay thousands of dollars in interest each year — not to pay back the loan, but just to avoid credit default. In a poll, 70% of respondents said that there is a social stigma associated to credit card debt (ibid). Possibly because of these reasons, consumers underestimate their debt by around 155% (ibid). The majority of students borrow money each year. The total amount of student loans exceedes the amount of credit card debt held by Americans (ibid).
This indebtedness has led to the rise of the debt buyer industry, which sometimes pursues controversial strategies such as threatening the debtor, pursuing debts that are not actually due, impersonating law enforcement, or calling the debtors at their work place. This poses a considerable level of stress on the debtor (see for an illustration). Thus, a large proportion of Americans live with a considerable psychological and material burden.Rule of LawThe rule of law is less developed in the US than in other rich countries. Black people are routinely discriminated, as the Ferguson debate shows. The National Security Agency (NSA) surveils millions of citizens without warrant and without their approval. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tortures, extradites, and assassinates outside the law. Police brutality is a prevalent problem.
An extensive report prepared for the United Nations Human Rights Committee, tabled in 2006, states that in the U.S., the “War on Terror” has “created a generalized climate of impunity for law enforcement officers, and contributed to the erosion of what few accountability mechanisms exist for civilian control over law enforcement agencies. As a result, police brutality and abuse persist unabated and undeterred across the country.”. Police officers are rarely prosecuted for overstepping their powers. The US also has the highest incarnation rate in the world, with 716 per 100,000 of its people in prison. While the US has only 5% of the world’s population, it has 25% of the world’s prison inmates.
For the individual, this means that he or she has a higher chance of being subjected to law enforcement or cruel police treatment in the US than in other developed countries. The United States is also the only developed country (along with Japan) that still uses the death penalty. The US comes 5th world wide in the number of people executed.Crimein Chicago/USCrime is more prevalent in the US than in other developed countries. With a rate of 4.7 per 100,000 people per year, the US has the highest murder rate among the developed countries. The next developed country in the list (Israel) comes 50 countries later, and has a rate of just 1.8. Part of the reason may be the fact that the US has less strict gun laws than other countries. People can own guns that are so strong that they can pierce the body armor used by police.
20 children were murdered with a gun in Newtown, Connecticut in 2012. The murderer stole the gun from his mother, who was a legal owner.
In the following two years, 95 more shootings occurred at schools and colleges. 45 people were killed. Rape, likewise, is 3 times more frequent in the US than in Germany, for example. Robbery is twice as frequent, and aggravated assault 3 times as frequent. Thus, personal security is less guaranteed in the US than in other developed countries.Job securityIt is easier in the US than in other developed countries to fire an employee. In some cases, employees are fired from one day to the other. The Microsoft research lab where I was employed, for example, was closed within a week, putting around 50 people on the street.
The possibility (however distant) that you may lose your income from one day to the other can be a significant factor of insecurity in your daily life.Undesired PregnanciesWith 42 teenage births per 1000 births, the US has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the developed world. Germany, for example, is at a rate of 12 per 1000 births. With this, teenage pregnancy is four times as prevalent in the United States as in the European Union. Most of these children are unplanned. An unplanned baby can destroy career plans, shatter families, prevent higher education, and push people into poverty. This is particularly tough on people who are poor anyway, as a poor woman is 4 times as likely as a rich woman to have unplanned pregnancies. Thus, a teenage pregnancy is an example where people in the US have less control over their lives than in other developed countries.
The impression that life has more control over you than vice versa is further underlined by the fact that 44% of young American women agreed in a survey that “It doesn’t matter whether you use birth control or not; when it is your time to get pregnant it will happen.” ibid. Teen pregnancies are generally more prevalent in the more believing parts of the US.All of these factors make life in the US less secure for the individual than in other developed countries. This explains, according to our theory, why the US is more religious than other developed countries.Spurious correlationOne of the reasons for religiosity may be the desire to appease the elements of nature.
The elements are appeased through prayers, rituals, dances, songs, or superstitious behavior. We know that none of these has any effect on the elements of nature. Praying that a child gets healed from cancer does not increase the chances of healing by the slightest bit. On the contrary, it actually decreases the chances. Still, people do it.
Why is that?A first reason may be that we tend to accept a technique (such as prayer or a lucky charm) already if it works in very few cases. More precisely, we often require only 1 case where the technique works in order to accept it as effective. Take the following example.